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數(shù)據(jù)庫基本_SQL語句大全

 scavenger001 2007-02-28

  學會數(shù)據(jù)庫是很實用D~~記錄一些常用的sql語句...有入門有提高有見都沒見過的...好全...收藏下...

  其實一般用的就是查詢,插入,刪除等語句而已....但學學存儲過程是好事...以后數(shù)據(jù)方面的東西就不用在程序里搞嘍..而且程序與數(shù)據(jù)庫只要一個來回通訊就可以搞定所有數(shù)據(jù)的操作....

  一,、基礎

  1,、說明:創(chuàng)建數(shù)據(jù)庫

  Create DATABASE database-name

  2,、說明:刪除數(shù)據(jù)庫

  drop database dbname

  3、說明:備份sql server

  --- 創(chuàng)建 備份數(shù)據(jù)的 device

  USE master

  EXEC sp_addumpdevice ‘disk‘, ‘testBack‘, ‘c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat‘

  --- 開始 備份

  BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack

  4,、說明:創(chuàng)建新表

  create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)

  根據(jù)已有的表創(chuàng)建新表:

  A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用舊表創(chuàng)建新表)

  B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old definition only

  5,、說明:刪除新表

  drop table tabname

  6、說明:增加一個列

  Alter table tabname add column col type

  注:列增加后將不能刪除,。DB2中列加上后數(shù)據(jù)類型也不能改變,,唯一能改變的是增加varchar類型的長度。

  7,、說明:添加主鍵: Alter table tabname add primary key(col)

  說明:刪除主鍵: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col)

  8,、說明:創(chuàng)建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col….)

  刪除索引:drop index idxname

  注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必須刪除重新建,。

  9,、說明:創(chuàng)建視圖:create view viewname as select statement

  刪除視圖:drop view viewname

  10、說明:幾個簡單的基本的sql語句

  選擇:select * from table1 where 范圍

  插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2)

  刪除:delete from table1 where 范圍

  更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范圍

  查找:select * from table1 where field1 like ’%value1%’ ---like的語法很精妙,,查資料!

  排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc]

  總數(shù):select count as totalcount from table1

  求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1

  平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1

  最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1

  最?。簊elect min(field1) as minvalue from table1

  11、說明:幾個高級查詢運算詞

  A: UNION 運算符

  UNION 運算符通過組合其他兩個結果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重復行而派生出一個結果表,。當 ALL 隨 UNION 一起使用時(即 UNION ALL),,不消除重復行。兩種情況下,,派生表的每一行不是來自 TABLE1 就是來自 TABLE2,。

  B: EXCEPT 運算符

  EXCEPT 運算符通過包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重復行而派生出一個結果表。當 ALL 隨 EXCEPT 一起使用時 (EXCEPT ALL),,不消除重復行,。

  C: INTERSECT 運算符

  INTERSECT 運算符通過只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重復行而派生出一個結果表。當 ALL 隨 INTERSECT 一起使用時 (INTERSECT ALL),,不消除重復行,。

  注:使用運算詞的幾個查詢結果行必須是一致的。

  12,、說明:使用外連接

  A,、left outer join:

  左外連接(左連接):結果集幾包括連接表的匹配行,也包括左連接表的所有行,。

  SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c

  B:right outer join:

  右外連接(右連接):結果集既包括連接表的匹配連接行,,也包括右連接表的所有行,。

  C:full outer join:

  全外連接:不僅包括符號連接表的匹配行,還包括兩個連接表中的所有記錄,。

  二,、提升

  1、說明:復制表(只復制結構,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用)

  法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1

  法二:select top 0 * into b from a

  2,、說明:拷貝表(拷貝數(shù)據(jù),源表名:a 目標表名:b) (Access可用)

  insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;

  3,、說明:跨數(shù)據(jù)庫之間表的拷貝(具體數(shù)據(jù)使用絕對路徑) (Access可用)

  insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in ‘具體數(shù)據(jù)庫’ where 條件

  例子:..from b in ‘"&Server.MapPath("."&"\data.mdb" &"‘ where..

  4、說明:子查詢(表名1:a 表名2:b)

  select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3)

  5,、說明:顯示文章,、提交人和最后回復時間

  select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b

  6、說明:外連接查詢(表名1:a 表名2:b)

  select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c

  7,、說明:在線視圖查詢(表名1:a

  select * from (Select a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;

  8,、說明:between的用法,between限制查詢數(shù)據(jù)范圍時包括了邊界值,not between不包括

  select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2

  select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 數(shù)值1 and 數(shù)值2

  9、說明:in 的使用方法

  select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1’,’值2’,’值4’,’值6’)

  10,、說明:兩張關聯(lián)表,,刪除主表中已經(jīng)在副表中沒有的信息

  delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1

  11、說明:四表聯(lián)查問題:

  select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where .....

  12,、說明:日程安排提前五分鐘提醒

  SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff(‘minute‘,f開始時間,getdate())>5

  13,、說明:一條sql 語句搞定數(shù)據(jù)庫分頁

  select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主鍵字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主鍵字段 = a.主鍵字段 order by a.排序字段

  14、說明:前10條記錄

  select top 10 * form table1 where 范圍

  15,、說明:選擇在每一組b值相同的數(shù)據(jù)中對應的a最大的記錄的所有信息(類似這樣的用法可以用于論壇每月排行榜,每月熱銷產(chǎn)品分析,按科目成績排名,等等.)

  select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)

  16,、說明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重復行而派生出一個結果表

  (select a from tableA except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)

  17、說明:隨機取出10條數(shù)據(jù)

  select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()

  18,、說明:隨機選擇記錄

  select newid()

  19,、說明:刪除重復記錄

  Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...)

  20、說明:列出數(shù)據(jù)庫里所有的表名

  select name from sysobjects where type=‘U‘

  21,、說明:列出表里的所有的

  select name from syscolumns where id=object_id(‘TableName‘)

  22,、說明:列示type、vender,、pcs字段,,以type字段排列,case可以方便地實現(xiàn)多重選擇,,類似select 中的case,。

  select type,sum(case vender when ‘A‘ then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when ‘C‘ then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when ‘B‘ then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type

  顯示結果:

  type vender pcs

  電腦 A 1

  電腦 A 1

  光盤 B 2

  光盤 A 2

  手機 B 3

  手機 C 3

  23、說明:初始化表table1

  TRUNCATE TABLE table1

  24,、說明:選擇從10到15的記錄

  select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_別名 order by id desc

  三,、技巧

  1,、1=1,,1=2的使用,,在SQL語句組合時用的較多

  “where 1=1” 是表示選擇全部 “where 1=2”全部不選,

  如:

  if @strWhere !=‘

  begin

  set @strSQL = ‘select count(*) as Total from [‘ + @tblName + ‘] where ‘ + @strWhere

  end

  else

  begin

  set @strSQL = ‘select count(*) as Total from [‘ + @tblName + ‘]‘

  end

  我們可以直接寫成

  set @strSQL = ‘select count(*) as Total from [‘ + @tblName + ‘] where 1=1 安定 ‘+ @strWhere

  2,、收縮數(shù)據(jù)庫

  --重建索引

  DBCC REINDEX

  DBCC INDEXDEFRAG

  --收縮數(shù)據(jù)和日志

  DBCC SHRINKDB

  DBCC SHRINKFILE

  3,、壓縮數(shù)據(jù)庫

  dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname)

  4、轉移數(shù)據(jù)庫給新用戶以已存在用戶權限

  exec sp_change_users_login ‘update_one‘,‘newname‘,‘oldname‘

  go

  5,、檢查備份集

  RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk=‘E:\dvbbs.bak‘

  6,、修復數(shù)據(jù)庫

  Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER

  GO

  DBCC CHECKDB(‘dvbbs‘,repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK

  GO

  Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER

  GO

  7、日志清除

  SET NOCOUNT ON

  DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname,

  @MaxMinutes INT,

  @NewSize INT

  USE tablename -- 要操作的數(shù)據(jù)庫名

  Select @LogicalFileName = ‘tablename_log‘, -- 日志文件名

  @MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log.

  @NewSize = 1 -- 你想設定的日志文件的大小(M)

  -- Setup / initialize

  DECLARE @OriginalSize int

  Select @OriginalSize = size

  FROM sysfiles

  Where name = @LogicalFileName

  Select ‘Original Size of ‘ + db_name() + ‘ LOG is ‘ +

  CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ‘ 8K pages or ‘ +

  CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + ‘MB‘

  FROM sysfiles

  Where name = @LogicalFileName

  Create TABLE DummyTrans

  (DummyColumn char (8000) not null)

  DECLARE @Counter INT,

  @StartTime DATETIME,

  @TruncLog VARCHAR(255)

  Select @StartTime = GETDATE(),

  @TruncLog = ‘BACKUP LOG ‘ + db_name() + ‘ WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY‘

  DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize)

  EXEC (@TruncLog)

  -- Wrap the log if necessary.

  WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired

  AND @OriginalSize = (Select size FROM sysfiles Where name = @LogicalFileName)

  AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize

  BEGIN -- Outer loop.

  Select @Counter = 0

  WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000))

  BEGIN -- update

  Insert DummyTrans VALUES (‘Fill Log‘)

  Delete DummyTrans

  Select @Counter = @Counter + 1

  END

  EXEC (@TruncLog)

  END

  Select ‘Final Size of ‘ + db_name() + ‘ LOG is ‘ +

  CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ‘ 8K pages or ‘ +

  CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + ‘MB‘

  FROM sysfiles

  Where name = @LogicalFileName

  Drop TABLE DummyTrans

  SET NOCOUNT OFF

  8,、說明:更改某個表

  exec sp_changeobjectowner ‘tablename‘,‘dbo‘

  9,、存儲更改全部表

  Create PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch

  @OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128),

  @NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128)

  AS

  DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128)

  DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128)

  DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128)

  DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR

  select ‘Name‘ = name,

  ‘Owner‘ = user_name(uid)

  from sysobjects

  where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner

  order by name

  OPEN curObject

  FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner

  WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0)

  BEGIN

  if @Owner=@OldOwner

  begin

  set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + ‘.‘ + rtrim(@Name)

  exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner

  end

  -- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner

  FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner

  END

  close curObject

  deallocate curObject

  GO

  10、SQL SERVER中直接循環(huán)寫入數(shù)據(jù)

  declare @i int

  set @i=1

  while @i<30

  begin

  insert into test (userid) values(@i)

  set @i=@i+1

  end

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