學會數(shù)據(jù)庫是很實用D~~記錄一些常用的sql語句...有入門有提高有見都沒見過的...好全...收藏下... 其實一般用的就是查詢,插入,刪除等語句而已....但學學存儲過程是好事...以后數(shù)據(jù)方面的東西就不用在程序里搞嘍..而且程序與數(shù)據(jù)庫只要一個來回通訊就可以搞定所有數(shù)據(jù)的操作.... 一,、基礎 1,、說明:創(chuàng)建數(shù)據(jù)庫 Create DATABASE database-name 2,、說明:刪除數(shù)據(jù)庫 drop database dbname 3、說明:備份sql server --- 創(chuàng)建 備份數(shù)據(jù)的 device USE master EXEC sp_addumpdevice ‘disk‘, ‘testBack‘, ‘c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat‘ --- 開始 備份 BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack 4,、說明:創(chuàng)建新表 create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) 根據(jù)已有的表創(chuàng)建新表: A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用舊表創(chuàng)建新表) B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old definition only 5,、說明:刪除新表 drop table tabname 6、說明:增加一個列 Alter table tabname add column col type 注:列增加后將不能刪除,。DB2中列加上后數(shù)據(jù)類型也不能改變,,唯一能改變的是增加varchar類型的長度。 7,、說明:添加主鍵: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) 說明:刪除主鍵: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) 8,、說明:創(chuàng)建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col….) 刪除索引:drop index idxname 注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必須刪除重新建,。 9,、說明:創(chuàng)建視圖:create view viewname as select statement 刪除視圖:drop view viewname 10、說明:幾個簡單的基本的sql語句 選擇:select * from table1 where 范圍 插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) 刪除:delete from table1 where 范圍 更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范圍 查找:select * from table1 where field1 like ’%value1%’ ---like的語法很精妙,,查資料! 排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] 總數(shù):select count as totalcount from table1 求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 最?。簊elect min(field1) as minvalue from table1 11、說明:幾個高級查詢運算詞 A: UNION 運算符 UNION 運算符通過組合其他兩個結果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重復行而派生出一個結果表,。當 ALL 隨 UNION 一起使用時(即 UNION ALL),,不消除重復行。兩種情況下,,派生表的每一行不是來自 TABLE1 就是來自 TABLE2,。 B: EXCEPT 運算符 EXCEPT 運算符通過包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重復行而派生出一個結果表。當 ALL 隨 EXCEPT 一起使用時 (EXCEPT ALL),,不消除重復行,。 C: INTERSECT 運算符 INTERSECT 運算符通過只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重復行而派生出一個結果表。當 ALL 隨 INTERSECT 一起使用時 (INTERSECT ALL),,不消除重復行,。 注:使用運算詞的幾個查詢結果行必須是一致的。 12,、說明:使用外連接 A,、left outer join: 左外連接(左連接):結果集幾包括連接表的匹配行,也包括左連接表的所有行,。 SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c B:right outer join: 右外連接(右連接):結果集既包括連接表的匹配連接行,,也包括右連接表的所有行,。 C:full outer join: 全外連接:不僅包括符號連接表的匹配行,還包括兩個連接表中的所有記錄,。 二,、提升 1、說明:復制表(只復制結構,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) 法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 法二:select top 0 * into b from a 2,、說明:拷貝表(拷貝數(shù)據(jù),源表名:a 目標表名:b) (Access可用) insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; 3,、說明:跨數(shù)據(jù)庫之間表的拷貝(具體數(shù)據(jù)使用絕對路徑) (Access可用) insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in ‘具體數(shù)據(jù)庫’ where 條件 例子:..from b in ‘"&Server.MapPath("."&"\data.mdb" &"‘ where.. 4、說明:子查詢(表名1:a 表名2:b) select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) 5,、說明:顯示文章,、提交人和最后回復時間 select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b 6、說明:外連接查詢(表名1:a 表名2:b) select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c 7,、說明:在線視圖查詢(表名1:a select * from (Select a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; 8,、說明:between的用法,between限制查詢數(shù)據(jù)范圍時包括了邊界值,not between不包括 select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 數(shù)值1 and 數(shù)值2 9、說明:in 的使用方法 select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1’,’值2’,’值4’,’值6’) 10,、說明:兩張關聯(lián)表,,刪除主表中已經(jīng)在副表中沒有的信息 delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 11、說明:四表聯(lián)查問題: select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... 12,、說明:日程安排提前五分鐘提醒 SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff(‘minute‘,f開始時間,getdate())>5 13,、說明:一條sql 語句搞定數(shù)據(jù)庫分頁 select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主鍵字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主鍵字段 = a.主鍵字段 order by a.排序字段 14、說明:前10條記錄 select top 10 * form table1 where 范圍 15,、說明:選擇在每一組b值相同的數(shù)據(jù)中對應的a最大的記錄的所有信息(類似這樣的用法可以用于論壇每月排行榜,每月熱銷產(chǎn)品分析,按科目成績排名,等等.) select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b) 16,、說明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重復行而派生出一個結果表 (select a from tableA except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) 17、說明:隨機取出10條數(shù)據(jù) select top 10 * from tablename order by newid() 18,、說明:隨機選擇記錄 select newid() 19,、說明:刪除重復記錄 Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) 20、說明:列出數(shù)據(jù)庫里所有的表名 select name from sysobjects where type=‘U‘ 21,、說明:列出表里的所有的 select name from syscolumns where id=object_id(‘TableName‘) 22,、說明:列示type、vender,、pcs字段,,以type字段排列,case可以方便地實現(xiàn)多重選擇,,類似select 中的case,。 select type,sum(case vender when ‘A‘ then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when ‘C‘ then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when ‘B‘ then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type 顯示結果: type vender pcs 電腦 A 1 電腦 A 1 光盤 B 2 光盤 A 2 手機 B 3 手機 C 3 23、說明:初始化表table1 TRUNCATE TABLE table1 24,、說明:選擇從10到15的記錄 select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_別名 order by id desc 三,、技巧 1,、1=1,,1=2的使用,,在SQL語句組合時用的較多 “where 1=1” 是表示選擇全部 “where 1=2”全部不選, 如: if @strWhere !=‘ begin set @strSQL = ‘select count(*) as Total from [‘ + @tblName + ‘] where ‘ + @strWhere end else begin set @strSQL = ‘select count(*) as Total from [‘ + @tblName + ‘]‘ end 我們可以直接寫成 set @strSQL = ‘select count(*) as Total from [‘ + @tblName + ‘] where 1=1 安定 ‘+ @strWhere 2,、收縮數(shù)據(jù)庫 --重建索引 DBCC REINDEX DBCC INDEXDEFRAG --收縮數(shù)據(jù)和日志 DBCC SHRINKDB DBCC SHRINKFILE 3,、壓縮數(shù)據(jù)庫 dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) 4、轉移數(shù)據(jù)庫給新用戶以已存在用戶權限 exec sp_change_users_login ‘update_one‘,‘newname‘,‘oldname‘ go 5,、檢查備份集 RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk=‘E:\dvbbs.bak‘ 6,、修復數(shù)據(jù)庫 Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER GO DBCC CHECKDB(‘dvbbs‘,repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK GO Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER GO 7、日志清除 SET NOCOUNT ON DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, @MaxMinutes INT, @NewSize INT USE tablename -- 要操作的數(shù)據(jù)庫名 Select @LogicalFileName = ‘tablename_log‘, -- 日志文件名 @MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. @NewSize = 1 -- 你想設定的日志文件的大小(M) -- Setup / initialize DECLARE @OriginalSize int Select @OriginalSize = size FROM sysfiles Where name = @LogicalFileName Select ‘Original Size of ‘ + db_name() + ‘ LOG is ‘ + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ‘ 8K pages or ‘ + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + ‘MB‘ FROM sysfiles Where name = @LogicalFileName Create TABLE DummyTrans (DummyColumn char (8000) not null) DECLARE @Counter INT, @StartTime DATETIME, @TruncLog VARCHAR(255) Select @StartTime = GETDATE(), @TruncLog = ‘BACKUP LOG ‘ + db_name() + ‘ WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY‘ DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) EXEC (@TruncLog) -- Wrap the log if necessary. WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired AND @OriginalSize = (Select size FROM sysfiles Where name = @LogicalFileName) AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize BEGIN -- Outer loop. Select @Counter = 0 WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) BEGIN -- update Insert DummyTrans VALUES (‘Fill Log‘) Delete DummyTrans Select @Counter = @Counter + 1 END EXEC (@TruncLog) END Select ‘Final Size of ‘ + db_name() + ‘ LOG is ‘ + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ‘ 8K pages or ‘ + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + ‘MB‘ FROM sysfiles Where name = @LogicalFileName Drop TABLE DummyTrans SET NOCOUNT OFF 8,、說明:更改某個表 exec sp_changeobjectowner ‘tablename‘,‘dbo‘ 9,、存儲更改全部表 Create PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch @OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), @NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) AS DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128) DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR select ‘Name‘ = name, ‘Owner‘ = user_name(uid) from sysobjects where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner order by name OPEN curObject FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) BEGIN if @Owner=@OldOwner begin set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + ‘.‘ + rtrim(@Name) exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner end -- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner END close curObject deallocate curObject GO 10、SQL SERVER中直接循環(huán)寫入數(shù)據(jù) declare @i int set @i=1 while @i<30 begin insert into test (userid) values(@i) set @i=@i+1 end |
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來自: scavenger001 > 《電腦》